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QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response code) is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode) first designed in 1994 for the automotive industry in Japan.  Later, two-dimensional (2D) variants were developed, using rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns, called matrix codes or 2D barcodes, although they do not use bars as such.  Other systems have made inroads in the AIDC market, but the simplicity, universality and low cost of barcodes has limited the role of these other systems, particularly before technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) became available after 1995.  Developed by General Telephone and Electronics (GTE) and called KarTrak ACI (Automatic Car Identification), this scheme involved placing colored stripes in various combinations on steel plates which were affixed to the sides of railroad rolling stock.  A QR code consists of black squares arranged in a square grid on a white background, which can be read by an imaging device such as a camera, and processed using Reed–Solomon error correction until the image can be appropriately interpreted.  These barcodes, now commonly referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D), can be scanned by special optical scanners, called barcode readers.  The Quick Response system became popular outside the automotive industry due to its fast readability and greater storage capacity compared to standard UPC barcodes.  The very first scanning of the now-ubiquitous Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode was on a pack of Wrigley Company chewing gum in June 1974.  Barcodes became commercially successful when they were used to automate supermarket checkout systems, a task for which they have become almost universal.  A barcode (also spelled bar code) is a method of representing data in a visual, machine-readable form.  Two plates were used per car, one on each side, with the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding information such as ownership, type of equipment, and identification number.  A QR code uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to store data efficiently; extensions may also be used.  2D barcodes can be read or deconstructed using application software on mobile devices with inbuilt cameras, such as smartphones.  Their use has spread to many other tasks that are generically referred to as automatic identification and data capture (AIDC).  QR codes, a specific type of 2D barcode, have recently become very popular.  Initially, barcodes represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines.  In practice, QR codes often contain data for a locator, identifier, or tracker that points to a website or application.  A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached.  An early use of one type of barcode in an industrial context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s.  The barcode was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver and patented in the US in 1951 (US Patent 2,612,994).  Applications include product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing.  The plates were read by a trackside cette application, located for instance, at the entrance to a classification yard, while the car was moving past.  The required data is then extracted from patterns that are present in both horizontal and vertical components of the image.  However, it took over twenty years before this invention became commercially successful.  The invention was based on Morse code that was extended to thin and thick bars.  The project was abandoned after about ten years because the system proved unreliable after long-term use.